Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 Essay Example

Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 Paper The initial scene of Act 4 in Othello succeeds one in which Othello starts to face Desdemona about Cassio by means of the loss of her cloth. Baffled by her spouses weird new rough and envious conduct, Desdemona, unconsciously, invests much more energy to help Cassio. She consistently beseeches that Othello gives him back his situation as official, if just so as to help her better half to remember his regarded position among the general public, and when all is said in done, of his own feeling of respect and ethical quality that she, as his significant other, had consistently observed in and regarded of him. Act 4 Scene 1 opens up in media-res of a discussion occurring among Iago and Othello. This scene essentially acquaints with the crowd Iago as having increased full control, as we see Othello currently to be the one unwittingly rehashing after him. Using hint, symbolism and the subject of appearance versus reality, the crowd is persuaded of Iagos achievement and Othellos deterioration.â In this scene, the general subject of appearance versus the truth is an inferred yet a repetitive and noteworthy one. Through Iagos character, Shakespeare analogizes materialistic/physical things to the principle esteems investigated in the play, effectively passing on to the crowd the significance of both, however on a more profound level, how Iago has the capacity both to prevent and control them in his demonstrations of twofold knavery. The hanky Othello provides for Desdemona, for instance, encapsulates his adoration and trust for her, however more profoundly his respect in her having acknowledged him, the field, the untouchable. We will compose a custom exposition test on Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In this way, the loss of the tissue developed to get equivalent with the loss of its worth, as is apparent from Othellos change in account structure, as it goes from a type of refrain to exposition. Moreover, Othello says, in line 35 on page 153, Handkerchiefconfessionshandkerchief! To admit and be hanged for this work. First to be hanged and afterward to admit. in exposition structure, and Shakespeares utilization of it obliges Othellos utilization of chiasmus in his discourse. Unexpectedly, where chiasmus is utilized ordinarily as a gadget to explain parity or request inside a content, the utilization of it in Othello stamps absolutely the inverse. Through this Shakespeare passes on Othellos tangled perspective both intellectually and inwardly, and in this way, Iagos accomplishment in his inspirations. Moreover, in blending both the physical and non-physical things, Iago is additionally ready to draw differentiates between them, as, dissimilar to Desdemonas tissue, her respect is an embodiment that is not seen, along these lines hinting her misleading to Othello. In like manner, the resonation of Iagos utilization of the word poison all through a few demonstrations mirrors his own deception, as though he decided to name it all things considered. Toxic substance works gradually yet adequately a similar way Iagos trickiness chipped away at Othello. Nonetheless, on a more profound level, it likewise stamps Iagos character advancement as his triumphs consistently quicken a greater amount of his plans and plans, while simultaneously debilitating Othello. Nonetheless, it is the similarity between and a worth and an exotic physical activity, in an unapproved kiss in line 3, that embodies and indisputably depicts Iagos complete control of Othello, that by consolidating estimations of notoriety and authority with adoration and feeling, Othellos shortcomings are utilized in Iagos power, leaving Othello to apparently fall to pieces. All in all, it is Shakespeares utilization of language and his effective understood depiction of topics through characters that permits his crowd to open up themselves not just the genuine idea of the connections between the characters, yet in addition the supplementing and differentiating qualities and beliefs that definitely exist among them.

Comparing Hemingways War Poems

Looking at Hemingways War Poems Free Online Research Papers In Ernest Hemingway’s, â€Å"A Soldier’s Home†, it recounts to the narrative of an officer that returns home from war and finds that nobody accepts genuine war stories that the main ones that individuals would accept were the ones that you lied about, the ones that presently can't seem to be told. In Tim O’Brien’s, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† it recounts a man who loses his closest companion in a war and spills his guts and soul in a letter to his companions sister and she doesn’t even have the goodness to compose back. The point that I am attempting to get across is that in both of these gentleman’s stories they are to attempting to get over the purpose of how it is to do battle and to return with these real occasions that occurred. The occasions that are dynamite to the point that the nearly appear to be dreamlike. Hemingway recounts a man that is lost. War was all that he knew, he didn't have an exchange all that he had was the specialty of war. He goes to bars to attempt to recount his accounts since that is all that is at the forefront of his thoughts. The main issue with him doing this is either the folks that are really listening would prefer not to listen in light of the fact that they realize he is lying or the folks that have returned home have just recounted to the narratives that merited telling. Towards the end he begins to attempt to increase a modest crowd by lying to make sure he has somebody to converse with. The issue with this is he has a soul, so the lying just causes him to feel awful about himself. The man finds an answer for this, with the end goal for him to keep his crowds and still have the option to discuss his one genuine affection, he just beginnings recounting to his accounts with a total distinctive strategy. He will simply recount to the genuine stories and simply toss some flavor into it and nobody will no the distinction and he will rest easy thinking about himself. The subsequent story, â€Å"How to recount to a True War Story, has a total diverse setting from, â€Å"A Soldier’s Home,’ Instead of it being found back at the home front, the troopers are still on base attempting to fit in among his companions. They are on the whole trading stories and making wisecracks and for the most part everybody had a comprehension. The comprehension was the fishier the story presumably implied the more genuine it was, however the stupider progressively trustworthy stories were the falsehoods that were told going before the outlandish and just obvious story there was. This was how it was there were the genuine stories and the falsehoods, The main thing was that you needed to choose which ones to accept or not. The both of these accounts are very comparative and yet have an extremely enormous distinction. The distinctions are exceptionally simple to bring up. The fundamental one is the setting of the story, they might be the distinction of living with not knowing whether you are going to kick the bucket tomorrow or not. The similitudes are an intriguing similarity, Hemingway recounts a war veteran that to lie is the best way to get the consideration of a lot of alcoholics, and yet O’Brien is stating that you need to mislead get the consideration of you’re individual officers who are confronting similar troubles that you have to every single day. O’Brien broadly expounds how the heroes thinks about all lady as a vitalize object, that they are as he would put it a â€Å"Cooze†. He feels that they are dimwitted all in view of one lady not restoring his letter that he sent to her. Hemingway’s hero appears to have a similar mentality. The main thing he considers lady to be is something to take a gander at, and that you can go whenever you feel like and get one. On the off chance that you take the examination from these accounts alone you could arrive at the resolution that all fighters personalities are actually a like, at home and abroad. Research Papers on Comparing Hemingway's War PoemsMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameThe Fifth HorsemanThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West Meet

Features And Specs Of Microsoft Kin One And Two

Features And Specs Of Microsoft Kin One And Two Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Features And Specs Of Microsoft Kin One And TwoUpdated On 03/04/2011Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : MicrosoftShort URL : http://hbb.me/12LfMBI CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogMicrosoft launched a series of Kin phones on Monday April 12 and they also announced that they have teamed with Verizon. It was actually designed to attract people who use social networks actively. Kin was also known as Project Pink.Verizon Wireless (CDMA service provider) will launch the phone in the US in May. Vodafone (GSM service provider) will do the same in the Europe in late 2010.We have two models here, Microsoft Kin One and Microsoft Kin Two. Kin One and Kin Two were known as Turtle and Pure earlier.This phone has access to the Zune music cloud service and the user can stream music via Zune. They also have a green spot on the screen where users can drag photos, links and social network mes sages and then share with friends.Below I mentioned the features and specifications of the two models.Features and Specifications of Microsoft Kin One : Microsoft Kin One ModelMicrosoft Kin One was formerly codenamed as Turtle. This model is compact size and has a solid camera.1. Display : 2.6 TFT, QVGA (320 x 240), capacitive touch screen2. Camera : 5 megapixel camera. CMOS anti-shake, auto focus and dual LED flash3. Speakers : Mono-speakers.4. Memory : 4 GB internal memory and 256MB DDR RAM.5. Keyboard : Slide-out keyboard.6. Form factor : Vertical slide, QWERTY7. Battery : 1240 mAhREADNew Features Of The Latest Windows Live Messenger8. Connectivity : EV-DO Rev A, Bluetooth 2.1 w/A2DP, Hi-speed USB and 802.11b/g9. Others : Other: Assisted GPS, FM radio, and accelerometer.Microsoft Kin One, when compared with Microsoft Kin Two, has quite few features and I also guess Kin Two will be costlier than Kin One. Lets wait and see!Features and Specifications of Microsoft Kin Two : Microsof t Kin Two ModelMicrosoft Kin Two looks more like a regular phone. It was formerly codenamed as Pure. It has a wider screen than Kin Two and a bolder camera.1. Display : 3.4 TFT, QVGA (480 x 320), capacitive touch screen2. Internal Memory : 8 GB of internal memory and 256MB DDR RAM.3. Camera : 8.0MP HDR CMOS from Omnivision with anti-shake, autofocus, and Lumi LED flash.4. Speakers : Stereo speakers.5. Keyboard : Slide-out keyboard.6. Battery : 1390 mAh.7. Connectivity : EV-DO Rev A, Bluetooth 2.1 w/A2DP, Hi-speed USB, and 802.11b/g.8. Others : Assisted GPS, FM radio, and accelerometer.So when is this model releasing? Microsoft Kin Phone Release Date is expected to be around May 2010 and it may vary according to countries.Whats the price of Microsoft Kin One and Kin Two?It is still under the wrap. Will ping you guys when they announce it! ??Confusing Act! Microsofts Official Kin Website is using Adobe Flash instead of Microsoft Silverlight. I think the phone uses silverlight as a pla tform. Am just wondering.. ??

High Cost Of College Essay

Education for Free Every year many young people work hard to pass their school-leaving exams and enter a college. However, for many of them acquiring good marks is not the only worry. Unlike the lucky minority from wealthy families, they must also think about the ways of getting money to pay for their education. The government claims that free education is impossible, as there is no possibility to subsidize the universities and colleges with the budget funds. Moreover, when education is fully supported financially by the state, colleges lose their independence and the spirit of democracy and freedom. They also consider that students have a lot of opportunities to obtain the money they need. They can get a scholarship if they are really talented. They can work during their university years. Or they can also take a loan from a bank, which they will pay back after they have started working. Despite the numerous possibilities, for many students the cost of the education is still too high. Scholarships are very unlikely to cover the total cost and students who manage to obtain one successfully still have to work to earn their living. Earning enough money to pay for your college education is next to impossible with a part-time job, while working full-time leaves students with no time to study, which means that the money is actually wasted. And a bank loan is so huge that students have to pay it back for many years. To sum up, the cost of college is too high for many talented young people and this prevents them from getting higher education, which means our society actually loses potential professionals. I strongly believe that the state must take an active role in supporting education and if not make it free, provide enough money to reduce the cost at least by half.

How to Fake a French Accent

We love the beautiful accent that the French have when they speak English, and it can be fun or even useful to imitate it. If youre an actor, comedian, grand sà ©ducteur,  or even if you just have a French-themed Halloween costume, you can learn how to fake a French accent with this in-depth look at how the French speak English.* Please note that the pronunciation explanations are based on American English; some of them wont sound right to British and Australian ears. *Si vous à ªtes franà §ais, ne men voulez pas  ! Jai à ©crit cet article parce quil sagit dun sujet intà ©ressant et potentiellement utile. Franchement, jadore votre langue et jadore à ©galement votre accent quand vous parlez la mienne. Si vous voulez, vous pouvez utiliser ces tuyaux pour rà ©duire les traces de franà §ais dans votre anglais. Mais, à   mon avis, ce serait dommage. French-infused Vowels Nearly every English vowel is affected by the French accent. French has no diphthongs, so vowels are always shorter than their English counterparts. The long A, O, and U sounds in English, as in say, so, and Sue, are pronounced by French speakers like their similar but un-diphthonged French equivalents, as in the French words sais, seau, and sou. For example, English speakers pronounce say as [seI], with a diphthong made up of a long a sound followed by a sort of y sound. But French speakers will say [se] - no diphthong, no y sound. (Note that [xxx] indicates IPA spelling.) English vowel sounds which do not have close French equivalents are systematically replaced by other sounds: short A [à ¦], as in fat, is pronounced ah as in fatherlong A [eI] followed by a consonant, as in gate, is usually pronounced like the short e in getER at the end of a word, as in water, is always pronounced airshort I [I], as in sip, is always pronounced ee as in seeplong I [aI], as in kite, tends to be elongated and almost turned into two syllables: [ka it]short O [É‘], as in cot, is pronounced either uh as in cut, or oh as in coatU [ÊŠ] in words like full is usually pronounced oo as in fool Dropped Vowels, Syllabification, and Word Stress When faking a French accent, you need to pronounce all schwas (unstressed vowels). For reminder, native English speakers tend toward rmindr, but French speakers say ree-ma-een-dair. They will pronounce amazes ah-may-zez, with the final e fully stressed, unlike native speakers who will gloss over it: amazs. And the French often emphasize the -ed at the end of a verb, even if that means adding a syllable: amazed becomes ah-may-zed. Short words that native English speakers tend  to skim over or swallow will always be carefully pronounced by French speakers. The latter will say peanoot boo-tair and jelly, whereas native English speakers opt for peant buttr n jelly. Likewise, French speakers will usually not make contractions, instead pronouncing every word: I would go instead of Id go and She eez reh-dee rather than Shes ready. Because French has no word stress (all syllables are pronounced with the same emphasis), French speakers have a hard time with stressed syllables in English, and will usually pronounce everything at the same stress, like actually, which becomes ahk chew ah lee. Or they might stress the last syllable - particularly in words with more than two: computer is often said com-pu-TAIR. French-accented Consonants H is always silent in French, so the French will pronounce happy as appy. Once in a while, they might make a particular effort, usually resulting in an overly forceful H sound - even with words like hour and honest, in which the H is silent in English.J is likely to be pronounced zh like the G in massage.R will be pronounced either as in French  or as a tricky sound somewhere between W and L. Interestingly, if a word starting with a vowel has an R in the middle, some French speakers will mistakenly add an (overly forceful) English H in front of it. For example, arm might be pronounced hahrm. THs pronunciation will vary, depending on how its supposed to be pronounced in English: voiced TH [à °] is pronounced Z or DZ: this becomes zees or dzeesunvoiced TH [ÃŽ ¸] is pronounced S or T: thin turns into seen or teen Letters that should be silent at the beginning and end of words (psychology, lamb) are often pronounced. French-Tinted Grammar Just as English speakers often have trouble with  French possessive adjectives, mistakenly saying things like  son femme  for his wife, French speakers are likely to mix up  his  and  her, often favoring  his  even for female owners. They also tend to use  his  rather than  its  when talking about inanimate owners, e.g., This car has his own GPS. Similarly, since all  nouns have a gender  in French, native speakers will often refer to inanimate objects as  he  or  she  rather than  it. French speakers often use the pronoun  that  for a subject when they mean  it, as in thats just a thought rather than its just a thought. And theyll often say  this  instead of  that  in expressions like I love skiing and boating, things like this rather than ... things like that. Certain  singulars and plurals  are problematic, due to differences in French and English. For example, the French are likely to pluralize  furniture  and  spinach  because the French equivalents are plural:  les  meubles,  les  Ãƒ ©pinards. In the present tense, the French rarely remember to conjugate for the third person singular: he go, she want, it live. As for the past tense, because spoken French favors the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  to the  passà © simple, the French tend to overuse the formers literal equivalent, the English present perfect: I have gone to the movies yesterday. In questions, French speakers tend not to invert the subject and verb,  instead  asking where you are going? and what your name is? And they leave out the helping verb  do: what mean this word? or what this word mean? French-flavored Vocabulary Faux amis  are just as tricky for French speakers as they are for English speakers; try saying, as the French often do, actually instead of now, and nervous when you mean  Ãƒ ©nervà ©. You should also throw in occasional French words and phrases, such as: au contraire  - on the  contraryau revoir  - good-byebien  sà »r !  - of course!bon appà ©tit  - bon appetit, enjoy your mealbonjour  - hellocest-à  -dire  - that iscomment dit-on ___  ?  - how do you say ___?euh  - uh, umje  veux  dire  - I meanmerci  - thank younon  - nooh là  Ã‚  là  Ã‚  !  - oh dear!oui  - yespas  possible !  - no way!sil  vous  plaà ®t  - pleasevoilà  Ã‚  - there you go French Faces And, of course, theres nothing like  gestures  to make you look more French. We particularly recommend  les  bises,  la  moue, the  Gallic shrug and  dà ©licieux.

Analysis Of Daniel Kahneman s Thinking Fast And Slow Essay

In a paper published in 2011 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers tested the common caricature of legal realism that â€Å"justice is what the judge ate for breakfast†. They studied eight parole judges in Israel over 50 days in a 10 month period, who spent their entire days reviewing applications for parole. What they found was shocking, that the percentage of favorable rulings dropped gradually to nearly zero within each decision session and returned abruptly to around 65% after a break. This is illustrated in the diagram below, where dotted lines indicate food breaks. This was after accounting for different variables and checking for alternative explanations. This goes to show that the human mind is limited. Even moral decisions made by highly educated individuals cannot escape the curse of mental fatigue as shown by the Israelian judge study. The human rationality is also often plagued by hindsight bias, the anchoring effect, the bandwagon effect, negativity bias, amidst a whole list of cognitive biases, best illustrated in Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking Fast Slow. If we could design a machine that can make decisions without the fallibility of human rationality, would it then be a better idea to let the machines make decisions on our behalf, and save us from the mistakes of our minds? My answer is that we should not allow machines to make moral decisions on our behalf. Humans’ rationality might not be perfect, but we are not irrational andShow MoreRelatedBook Review â€Å"Thinking, Fast and Slow†868 Words   |  4 PagesI read the international bestseller â€Å"Thinking, Fast and Slow† of Daniel Kahneman (Winner of the Nobel Prize) over the last 3-4 weeks. I think it is a very interesting book and it is describing very critically the human brain and mind, which gave me many insights into decision-making and errors we are doing automatically without noticing it every day. He is very often talking about System 1 and System 2. System 1 is fast; its intuitive, associative, metaphorical, automatic, impressionisticRead MoreThinking, Fast And Slow By Daniel Kahneman1286 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinctive book called, â€Å"Thinking, Fast and Slow† by Daniel Kahneman, is one of very few exquisite readings I’ve completed so far. Daniel Kahneman is a psychologist in Princeton University, and due to his research, he won a Nobel Prize in 2002 in economics. In the beginning of his book, he speaks of our cognitive System 1 and System 2 ways of thinking. System 1 generates feelings, impressions, and memory. It is very instinctive, automatic, and is considered quick thinking. System 2 on the other handRead MoreFrankenstein Pursuit Of Knowledge Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pages Among the many themes explored in Mary Shelley s timeless classic â€Å"Frankenstein†, the one I find to be most relevant and the one that truly resonated with me was the da ngers that stem from the pursuit of knowledge. This theme resonated with me for many reasons because, while the pursuit of knowledge has allowed humankind to exert and enjoy unparalleled and unprecedented power over the animal kingdom and the world itself, it’s a seemingly benign aspect of human nature that can paradoxically renderRead MoreTypes Of Evidence For Instructional Purposes Essay2330 Words   |  10 PagesStatistical analysis is hard for us to understand because our brain cannot easily comprehend statistical averages and it is difficult for us to acquire such knowledge (Kahneman, 2011). 5. Our personal experience is awful basis for knowledge because our brains never work perfectly. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pagesgraphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. 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Love Sex and Death

Question: Discuss about the Love Sex and Death. Answer: Introduction: The Same sex marriage can be identified as one of the most controversial socio-political debates of the recent times. A number of civilized states have legalized it whereas various countries are lagging behind because of religious regulations and societal prejudices (Djupe et al. 2016). However, the debate of the same sex marriage has often been supported and discouraged by a number of philosophic views or theories. The version of new natural law by Finnis and George, the argument of Richard Mohr and the stand point of Claudia Card against marriage have been identified a few mostly popular arguments in this regard. Here, in this essay, the author has made a critical assessment of these theories for identifying the most successful theory. The author has summed up the assessment with identifying the most popular and successful ideology in this regard. In conclusion, the summery has been provided with an insight into the three ideologies assessed by the author. Discussion: The idea of legalization of the same sex marriage has faced a number of criticisms. From religious to ethical, the law makers have identified quite a few points of view those are nullifying the importance any step in favour of this decision. On the other hand, over the years, scholars have also provided supporting arguments in favour of the homosexual unions. The theories like the new natural law or the criticism of marriage are holding a position against the idea of legalizing the same sex marriage. New natural law can be identified as the most common argument against the idea of same sex marriage. As mentioned by Anderson (2013) the new natural law states that the heterosexual union is the natural selection. Moreover, the natural instinct of all animal is essentially reproduction or procreation. Moreover, the creative approach of the heterosexual marriage is the matter of basic good. As mentioned by Finnis (1993) the heterosexual union is oriented toward children, but it is not extrinsically good (i.e. good because of its role in child-rearing); it is intrinsically good. Finniss version of the natural law has supported this idea. According to the authors, the state has no authority of discouraging the same sex marriage by criminalizing it. As mentioned by George (2013) the rephrase of the natural law theory by Finnis and George argues that it is important to respecting every basic good in every act. Hence, their ides states that one cannot act to destroy, damage, impede, violate or pursue an illusory form of basic good. As analysed by Finnis (1993) the version of the new natural law provided by them offers arguments against homosexuality as well as all form of non-marital sexual unions. As per this argument, the idea of same sex marriage restricts the marital (basic good) good. As mentioned by Contreras (2013) professor Finnis has mentioned that legalizing the same sex marriage would be an injustice. As per the thought of Finnis, legalizing the same sex marriage will disrupt the judgement that marriage is a committed and exclusive union between men a nd women with the aim of reproduction and providing the child a healthy familial life. However, as argued by Anderson (2013) the natural law supports the right of individual liberty. However, the scholars who are opposing the same sex marriage with the ground of natural laws are demeaning the idea of personal independence and liberty. Moreover as mentioned by Barker (2012) the idea of basic good is typically relative. Moreover, as argued by Becker (2012) the validity of the legal base cannot or must not be assessed with a religious view of natural law. On the other hand, the argument rose by Richard Mohr, has supported that idea of same sex marriage. As mentioned by Gilreath and Ward (2016) the idea of restricting the same sex marriage is limiting the access of ethical legal approach by this group of people. As discussed by Barker (2012) the substantive marriage philosophy of Mohr articulates marriage as intimacy given substance in the medium of everyday life, the day-to-day the fused intersection of love's sanctity and necessity's demand". The theories against the decision same sex marriage is its substantive nature, i.e. child rearing. However, as argued by Mohr (1995) the childless marriages should also not be recognised, not because the couples pattern of sexual intimacy but the absence of the act of child rearing. As mentioned by Barker (2012) Mohr has supported the same sex marriage under the light of the argument that the conservative form of marriage should be reformed to allow for the often open, communitarian nature of Gay multi-partner relationships. Moreover, Mohr has identified that the same sex couples are substantive enough with their responsibility divisions, familial roles and explicit companionship (Gruen 2013). Hence, the idea of contravening the nature or the natural good can be declined with its substantive nature. As argued by Mohr (1995) with the logic of the essential substantive nature of marriage, the same sex marriage cannot be criminalized. As identified by them the substantive marriage is neither essentially nor exclusively heterosexual and the homosexual couples are also maintaining the substantive nature of union it its various ways. Hence, as argued by Barker (2012) denial of recognition of same sex marriage is therefore irrational and unjustified. On the other hand, the professor of philosophy in the university of Wisconsin-Madison, Claudia Card has ignored the importance of legalizing the same sex marriage by criticising marriage itself. As mentioned by her, the legalization of marriage provides a legal right of the persons, property, and lives of the spouses to each other which makes both of them vulnerable to torture, rape, battery, stalking, mayhem, or murder (Card1996). As argued by Weston (2013) Card has rightly identified that the legalization of marriage promotes state support for conditions conducive to murder and mayhem. The major idea that the critics of same sex marriage in the light of Claudias argument is the legal approach of marriage will disrupt the sense of equality in the same sex unions. As argued by Rosenlee (2014) for the gay couples, marriage can be a dangerous idea, as it hols a patriarchal and heteroarchical foundations. On the other hand, as mentioned by Claudia, the legal access of the Person of the partner is more likely to make them vulnerable to physical abuse (Tietjens Meyers 2016). On the other hand, for the lesbian couples, Card has identified the idea of legalizing the same sex marriages will create the obligation for them to have a monogamist union, mainly in the United States (Card1996). As argued by Tietjens Meyers (2016) Card has opined that the legalization of same sex marriage will bring to peace or benefit to the lesbian or gay couples, rather it will complicate their union with a number of complex regulations. As mentioned by Weston (2013) Claudia Cards stand against the same sex marriage has actually stemmed out of the idea of eliminating marriage itself. As mentioned by Rosenlee (2014) the states and the legal regulations have made the marriage a political union. The benefits a couple can get through marriage like financial security, tax benefits or inheritance make the union a contact than a loving sacrament. As mentioned by Tietjens Meyers (2016) Card has never denied the injustice in the denial of the legal rights of marriage for the lesbians or gay couples. However, she has questioned the behind supporting the potentiality of loss of freedom and justice through any kind of marriage with its dominating, heterosexual ideologies. Now, as mentioned by Djupe et al. (2016) among the above-discussed three, the most popular argument is the new natural law argument against the legalization of same sex marriage. As mentioned by Becker (2012) this argument has got the religious support that can be identified as the strongest hold for this ideology. As argued by the supporters of the new natural law the same sex marriage is against the god set norms and it is contrary to the natural law and procreative objective of society (Djupe et al. 2016). Thus, the new natural law has got the support of the religious ideologies which craftily collects the support of the society. The lack of procreative or the reproductive nature is the most natural instinct of all animals. However, the nature of the same sex marriage contravenes this basic good. Now, as per the new natural law, supporting any act that restricts the potentiality of a good act is unethical. Thus, this argument has got a conservative ethical approach. Thus by integrating a religious, societal and ethical perspective, the new natural law has become the most successful and popular arguments among all of the three. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that the arguments against the same sex marriage can have their own grounds. The new natural law has identified the contravening nature of the natural instincts of human beings, whereas the substantive marriage approach has denied the logic of lack of procreative nature of the same sex marriage. The first one has advocated the criminalization of same sex marriage whereas the latter one has supported its legalization. However, the argument upheld by Claudia Card has denied the legalized value of any form of marriage as identifying it pro-abusive, dominant and contrary to the freedom of the individuals. References: Anderson, E.A., 2013. A defense of the sterility objectionto the new natural lawyers argument against same-sex marriage. Ethical theory and moral practice, 16(4), pp.759-775. Barker, N., 2012. Arguments for Same-Sex Marriage. In Not The Marrying Kind (pp. 93-128). Macmillan Education UK. Becker, A.B., 2012. Determinants of public support for same-sex marriage: Generational cohorts, social contact, and shifting attitudes. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(4), pp.524-533. Card, C., 1996. Against marriage and motherhood. Hypatia, 11(3), pp.1-23. Contreras, F.J., 2013. Is the New Natural Law Theory Actually a Natural Law Theory?. In The Threads of Natural Law (pp. 179-189). Springer Netherlands. Djupe, P.A., Lewis, A.R. and Jelen, T.G., 2016. Rights, Reflection, and Reciprocity: Implications of the Same-Sex Marriage Debate for Tolerance and the Political Process. Politics and Religion, 9(03), pp.630-648. Finnis, J.M., 1993. Law, morality, and sexual orientation. Notre Dame L. Rev., 69, p.1049. George, R.P. ed., 2013. Reason, morality, and law: the philosophy of John Finnis. OUP Oxford. Gilreath, S. and Ward, A., 2016. Same-Sex Marriage, Religious Accommodation, and the Race Analogy. Wake Forest Univ. Legal Studies Paper Forthcoming. Gruen, L. ed., 2013. Sex, morality, and the law. Routledge. Mohr, R.D., 1995. Case for Gay Marriage. The Notre Dame JL Ethics Pub. Pol'y, 9, p.215. Rosenlee, L.H.L., 2014. Review of Oppression and Moral Agency: Essays in Honor of Claudia Card. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 41(1-2), pp.199-206. Tietjens Meyers, D., 2016. Surviving Evils and the Problem of Agency: An Essay Inspired by the Work of Claudia Card. Metaphilosophy, 47(4-5), pp.539-557. Weston, K., 2013. Families we choose: Lesbians, gays, kinship. Columbia University Press.

Big Daddy- Marxist Point of View Essays

Big Daddy- Marxist Point of View Essays Big Daddy- Marxist Point of View Essay Big Daddy- Marxist Point of View Essay When Sunny tells Julian to cross the street when they are trying to get to McDonalds, Julian doesnt cross the street because he needs Sunny to give him his hand. This is a clear example of a Marxist point of view because it portrays the poor people being Julian and Sunny being the wealthy people. In order for the poor people to get somewhere, they need the help of the wealthy people. The same way Sunny told Julian give me your hand Is what the rich people tell the poor but the hand is represented by their rust. What they are trying to say is that In exchange, the higher class will try to get the poor people where they want. In this case, Sunny helped Julian get to a cheap place, McDonalds, meaning that they were able to take the poor to a common place that they might not be able to afford In a dally basis and didnt take much from the rich. They had to struggle for a while to make them fall for them, but at the end they had their trust and actually fooled them. In the movie, when Julian needs to urinate, he tells Sunny that he cant do it by himself. He needed Sunny to urinate with him. Sunny tells him that he doesnt need to Pee, but Julian tells him he would really needs to go, if not he would pee in his pants. Again Julian represents the poor and Sunny is the rich one. But in this case the Marxist theme is developed as the poor are fooling around with the rich. The poor want the rich to do what they want. For example, urinating can be represented by getting a loan In the bank. If the manager doesnt want to approve the loan, they tell them that they will take the little amount of money that they have In the account ND they would open an account In another bank. Obviously, It Is not for their good that they do this, and they actually give in. The same thing that Sunny did when Julian wanted to urinate. When Julian was about to sleep we were able to see that he needed Sunny to tell him a story. With these events we can see how the Marxist point of view was expressed. This time Julian was represented by the rich people and the poor was represented by Sunny. This is because when Julian told Sunny to read the book, it was the way the government asks the people who arent economically stable and onto have enough money to pay taxes or pay bills that exceed certain amount. But they need to pay them no matter what because If not, they would actually face many problems and might even end up in Jail. The same way that Julian told Sunny that he wasnt going to be able to sleep unless he told him a story. At first Sunny doesnt want to read the book because he thinks that the kid should just sleep because he Is really tired. But as he keeps telling him, he gives in at last and reads him the story. Wendell In teen people, teen poor at tells dont want to pay teen Dills Decease teen cant or insider other things more important to pay. But when they see its a light, gas, or water bill they know they need to pay it in order to have these utilities. They argue with the people in charge to come to an agreement, but they arent successful. So they pay the amount due, while the rich dont have to struggle to pay. As an alternative they want the poor to pay more so they get to pay less and instead buy expensive stuff at brand name stores. When Julian tells Sunny to turn on the light during the time he stayed at his house is another way to portray Marxism. The simple act that Julian is the poor people and Sunny the rich again can make us have an idea of what the light is. We can see an interpretation of the poor seeking the help of the rich to not be scared of events that happened. The light represents the hope of the poor to settle some kind of argument that they have with the rich. When Sunny is in the room and is with the lights off, we can see that it represents all the dark, huge problems that they have with each other no matter what kind, financially or socially. But when Sunny brings the Live Nudes neon light and turns it on, he turned on the pop in between both of them. So some of the problems they had were solved In a particular and exclusive way, the movie Big Daddy showed us in characterizing both Sunny and Julian as the common problem that many countries face, the one of Marxist. In some parts Julian was interpret as the poor while in others the rich. In most parts of the movie Sunny was the powerful one that could manipulate the way things went on with Julian. Comparing it to what the rich do in their everyday life to those who are less fortunate than them. This movie demonstrates that in every amount they are facing this problem, Just the way Sultans real father is in China, we can infer that the problem that U. S. Aces of not being able to do things by themselves gives us a hint that U. S cant do it all without the help of China. Overall, we saw the example of how poor are being fooled by the rich, and the rich fooled by the poor. It doesnt necessarily have to mean they are fighting over the financial things, but also over things that happen in our every day life. But a point to consider is no matter what goes on the Marxist view on things would always favor the rich in most things that they do.

World Culture Essay Example

World Culture Essay Example World Culture Essay World Culture Essay It is a fact that human race is entirely diverse and that cultures from different walks of life may not entirely share the same values and social norms. However, philosophically speaking, can we consider that what is good for us is universally good for everybody?In general, the term â€Å"good† has several meanings in its context. Many use the word â€Å"good† to imply what is moral. However, in another context, the word â€Å"good† entails being in a desirable or pleasing state; a condition that benefits, promotes, or enhances our well-being. All things considered, this argues that the word â€Å"good† may be universally applicable only if it means that good is a word that promotes the obstruction of harm to human race in general.Such condition may be clearly depicted in the processes of groups such as the United Nations wherein its topmost function is to eradicate what is generally harmful to the human race as stated by the Baha’i International Co mmunity Statement Library. Thus, good, in the context of forces such as this organization, is something that is moral in its perspective, desirable to the status quo, and pleasing to social norms. For this group, the utmost priority is to make sure that the human race is protected with basic human rights, is not deprived of the necessities of life, and is not innocently harmed by forces which are too big to be fought by individuals. This kind of underpinning makes the organization an assembly which depicts good as something that is integrated and beyond the boundaries of cultural diversity.For instance, it is a universal moral standard that everyone should not be deprived of the basic necessity of food. Thus, intentional hording of food which consequently deprives others their right to eat is a violation of human rights. To make it moral, acceptable, and desirable, everyone should not be hungered. Therefore, the concept of the eradication of hunger is deemed something good not only for us but for everyone among the rest of the world.In conclusion, the word good may be interpreted in many perspectives. Nonetheless, the question of the applicability of the word â€Å"good† universally is subjective to what is moral, acceptable, and desirable in different cultures. However, we can consider the idea that what is good for us may be good in entirety only if these are upheld by institutions that act as a universal aid to the issues of human race that hinders the promotion of its perspective of what is good.Work CitedBahà ­ International Communitys. â€Å"Freedom to Believe: Upholding the Standard of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.† Statement on the Freedom of Religion or Belief. BIC Document #05-1001. October 2005. Bahà ­ International Community: History of Active Cooperation with the United Nations. 15 December 2008 ;bic-un.bahai.org/05-1001.htm;.;

Critical assesment of geochemistry and geophysics Essay

Critical assesment of geochemistry and geophysics - Essay Example It is mostly the remnants that have been buried by layers soil and rocks that have higher chances of being preserved. This is because the exposed cultural remnants may be displaced by anthropogenic or environmental factors (Blofeld J. 2004 p.71). The buried remains are usually covered with sediments accretion from water and wind erosion or natural processes such as earthquakes, mud flows and earth quakes. Some old structures may also be buried when new ones are built on top of them. The buried remains are effectively explored through geophysical and geochemical prospecting. These methods are efficient in detecting the invisible characteristics of the remains. The devices used in are significant in distinguishing between relics, which is significant in tracing human remains. The two techniques were developed in a bid to increase professionalism in archeology. The use of geophysics is an effective way of detecting deviations in the magnetic field of the earth through the use of magnetometers. These magnetic fields emanate from artifacts of iron metal as well as structures that were made of stone. Together with these techniques, devices that measure electrical resistance of the soil are also used (Bose R. N. 2005 pp.56-57). Geophysical and geochemical prospecting are two major techniques that have been widely employed. The two techniques are significant in the identification of human activities that exist as remains buried under the earth surface. The characteristics of the remains are analyzed by an expert who establishes whether they represent human activities or natural factors. The archeological site of Apamee was investigated with the use of the two techniques. They have enhanced the understanding of this archeological site. In the United Kingdom, the two techniques have been applied in many archeological surveys (Braithwaite, R. 2001 pp. 121-123). Fluxgate gradiometers are the most commonly used for surveying due to the fact that they are affordable for

The Economic Environment of Business questions Essay

The Economic Environment of Business questions - Essay Example In short, it can be concluded that Aldi’s share would increase substantially after opening of new stores in different areas across Britain. Â   Â  (Hawkes, 2008) The word downturn refers to a slump in sales due to economic recession and meltdown that because unemployment increases and consumption decreases. The business organisations observe negative growth in their businesses since customers are inclined to make purchases of necessities and are reluctant to make purchases of luxuries and other items with higher price elasticity. Supermarket Industry is an oligopolistic industry since there are few businesses (large scale producers and retailers) that dominate the market and reap benefits. These businesses may set industry total output and prices of their products. Moreover, they have mammoth financial resources because of revenue they generate from their several in-town and out-of-town supermarkets. They also attract a large pool of customers compared to what a small retail shop attracts. It is worthwhile to mention that retailers face stiff competition with their rivals so that each could attract maximum customers. Tesco is one of the leading retailers in UK’s supermarket industry that enjoys a market share of over 28%. Since, it has the potential of offering more than 40,000 products from its organised chain of retail outlets all across Britain; it enjoys monopoly like situation in many instances. Tesco offers various products that attract more buyers than any other retailers including Aldi and Sainsbury. It must not be forgotten that Tesco faces stiff competition from other retailers; therefore, it may not restrict or control production / supply of every product as well as set higher prices to reap abnormal profits. Instead, Tesco may take advantage from products that are not offered by any other retailer and therefore customers are dependent over it to make their purchases. (Hawkes, 2008) Like other

Cognitive Interventions Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Interventions Essay The only thing that tells everyone apart from everyone else is each person’s genetic make-up. And there is only one exception and that would identical twins, because no two people are the same. This can be said true about the way we all think. There is no one person that thinks the same as the next person. People believe that we are all born innocent and that we are pure in thoughts and in behavior. There are many different factors that can and sometimes do influence how a person is controlled by his/her cognitive ability to think before acting. There are people who do a better than others can. There are people who have certain psychological problems that seek out help from a therapist to get a handle on their problems. One of most popular therapy would be cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The base of this theory is that some of the behaviors are caused by a person’s inner thoughts or by mental inability to deal with problems or events in our lives. In this paper, I will summarize the article â€Å"Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Child Physical Abuse,† that describe Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) and the use of AF-CBT in adolescent anger management. Article Summary Childhood anger can be tiger by many different factors, thoughts or even events during a child early life. A young child is not able to express their feels in a correct way, so they have problems in dealing with their anger. This could also be that they were never taught by his/her parents how to handle their emotions. A good example would be a friend of mine that has a child with some deep rooted problems, When Sam get angry he will not able to express how he feels so he acts out towards anyone that is near him. At Christmas time I brought him a soccer ball that he wanted and when he opened it he just threw it to one side, so he was punishment, sent to his room, when he came out the looks in his eyes just plain scared me. I have seen that look in a person who just committed a murder. Cold and dark look is what this child has. Most children with this type of problems, it could be a result of abuse in the home by one or both parents, and the type of abuse could be physical or sexual. At the time of the abuse the child may feel that they could not fight off the person who is abusing him or they are so scared to tell anyone. When this time of situation has occurred the child is not able to handle so they will out and get into trouble. They may start getting into trouble at school, start handling out with the wrong crowds and getting into serious trouble with the law. The child may become involved with sex, alcohol and drugs, sometimes the child could turn out to be an abuser also. Children will do this to get away from their home life and the pain. If the abuse was discover at an early age, and then the child can be remove from the home and has a better chance to get therapy and could turn out to normal. This way the hate and anger can be redirected to a more positive avenue. It difficult for a child to understand why things happened to them and but to be able to speak to someone that can be able to help them understand that it was no their fault and help them heal their emotional wounds. Unfortunately, the affective of the abuse may follow the person throughout their life in many different forms. It can affect their children and even their partners. They may became have problems like becoming overweight so they will not be attractive to men. They also can be very sexually active. Being in therapy as a child they can be with other children that have been threw the same as the child and could help to release their anger, it could also help them from staying away from trouble and from hanging out with the wrong people. This would help the child to focus more on school and what is important to the child. The cognitive behavior theory is known to help child that are victims of abuse cases whether it is physical or sexual and the parents that are the abusers, that may help them to reestablish a relationship between parents and children. Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy  The main usage of the Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) is working with children and their families that have suffered sexual or physical abuse; the environment is very hostile, the child may be subject coercion and are aggression when the family is present. AF-CBT is also used for children with behavioral problems such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. AF-CBT is right for children who are the ages of 5-15, who exhibit some level of behavioral or emotional dysfunction and for parents or caregivers who may resort to uncomfortable or unsafe levels of physical punishment. The goal of this therapy is to reduce the level of physical abuse risk factors of the caregiver or family and to reduce the consequences of these experiences for the children. The primary focus is behavior management, social skills, training, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving skills, and communications skills for the caregiver’s level of anger and promote nonaggressive discipline strategies, to enhance a child’s coping skills, and encourage problem-solving and communication. There are three stages of AF-CBT process, each of the steps consisting in multiple steps that involve the child and the parent(s) separately and jointly. This type of treatment would be taken place as outpatient or in a setting that ongoing contact with the caregiver and the child. The treatment should take place twice a week for approximately three to six months. Abuse-Focus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in an Adolescent Anger-Management, the important part is to be able know how to control anger. Everyone can control their anger and being angry is a normal part of life. Just like everyone else, adolescent are no exception. The only exception is that adolescent can take their anger to the extreme and their action may not be called normal when angered. There is one way to help the adolescent to control their anger is by cognitive therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy can occur in many different ways, the most common is the one-to-one talk with the adolescents. Once the problem is out in the open, the therapist may give the adolescent advice and to show how to control or redirected their anger. It is a success when one discovers the problem using the cognitive behavioral therapy. Now that the adolescent is able to control their anger it more benefit for those who are around the adolescent, it does benefit both parties. With aggressive or violent behavior the AF-CBT will target in three ways in which people can deal with the situations: 1) Cognition (thinking), 2) Affect (feeling), and 3) Behavior (doing). AF-CBT use many different techniques that are used by practitioners, such as behavior and anger management, problem solving, social skills training, and cognitive restructuring. All programs require proper training in different areas, especially with psychological skills so that enhancing interpersonal effectiveness and self-control is maintained. Conclusion The article explains to us how to deal with child and adolescent in dealing with their anger due to physical or sexual abuse to them and to be able overcome their anger and to deal with feelings as well as their families. The primary goal of AF-CBT is to reduce other behavioral problems in children and adolescent when they grow-up.

bird feeders :: essays research papers

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Apologia Marine Essay

1. Definitions a. Metabolism- The process by whichc a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself, develop and grow. b. Photosynthesis-the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its own food c. Autotrophs- organisms that are able to produce their own food d. Heterotrophs- organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms e. respiration — the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions f. homeostasis — the tendency of living organisms to control or regulate changes in their internal environment g. diffusion — the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration h. osmosis — the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane i. osmoconformer — and organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water j. Osmo regulator — an organism that regulates its internal concentration of salts k. Poikilotherm- an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment l. ectotherm — an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environment m. homeotherm- an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling of mechanisms n. Endotherm- an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heat o. a sexual reproduction — reproduction accomplished by a single organism p. sexual reproduction — reproduction that involves the union of gametes from two organisms: a male and a female q. binomial nomenclature — identifying an organism by a genus and species name 2. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 3. oxygen levels would be lower at night than during the day 4. no, they must feed on extra material made by photos synthesizing plants 5. no, both groups containing organisms like that 6. population 7. water will travel through osmosis to the outside 8. the body fluids would change. There would be more concentration of  dissolved substances in the body 9. no. They could have warm blood if their environment is warm 10. yes 11. no 12. the plant from the cutting 13. the cell with 24 chromosomes 14. the cell with 12 chromosomes 15. yes

Ahmad Shah Massoud Afghanistans Lion of Panjshir

In a mountain military base at Khvajeh Baha od Din, northern Afghanistan, around noon, September 9, 2001, Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud meets with two North African Arab reporters (possibly Tunisians), for an interview about his fight against the Taliban. Suddenly, the TV camera carried by the reporters explodes with terrific force, instantly killing the al-Qaeda-linked faux journalists and seriously injuring Massoud. His men rush the Lion of Panjshir to a jeep, hoping to get him to a helicopter for medevac to a hospital, but Massoud dies on the road after just 15 minutes. In that explosive moment, Afghanistan lost its fiercest force for a more moderate type of Islamic government, and the western world lost a valuable potential ally in the Afghanistan War to come. Afghanistan itself lost a great leader but gained a martyr and national hero. Massouds Childhood and Youth Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953, to an ethnic Tajik family in Bazarak, in Afghanistans Panjshir region. His father, Dost Mohammad, was a police commander in Bazarak. When Ahmad Shah Massoud was in the third grade, his father became the chief of police in Herat, northwest Afghanistan. The boy was a talented student, both in elementary school and in his religious studies. He eventually took to a moderate type of Sunni Islam, with strong Sufi overtones. Ahmad Shah Massoud attended high school in Kabul after his father transferred to the police force there. A gifted linguist, the young man became fluent in Persian, French, Pashtu, Hindi, and Urdu and was conversant in English and Arabic. As an engineering student at Kabul University, Massoud joined the Organization of Muslim Youth (Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman), which opposed the communist regime of Afghanistan and growing Soviet influence in the country. When the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposed and assassinated President Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family in 1978, Ahmad Shah Massoud went into exile in Pakistan, but soon returned to his birthplace in the Panjshir and raised an army. As the newly installed hard-line communist regime rampaged across Afghanistan, killing an estimated 100,000 of its citizens, Massoud and his poorly-equipped group of rebels fought against them for two months. By September of 1979, however, his soldiers were out of ammunition, and 25-year-old Massoud had been seriously injured in the leg. They were forced to surrender. Mujahideen Leader Against the USSR On December 27, 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Massoud immediately devised a strategy for guerrilla warfare against the Soviets (since a frontal attack on the Afghan communists earlier in the year had failed). Massouds guerrillas blocked the Soviets vital supply route at Salang Pass, and held it all through the 1980s. Every year from 1980 to 1985, the Soviets would throw two massive offensives against Massouds position, each attack larger than the last. Yet Massouds 1,000-5,000 mujahideen held out against 30,000 Soviet troops armed with tanks, field artillery, and air support, repulsing each attack. This heroic resistance earned Ahmad Shah Massoud the nickname Lion of the Panshir (in Persian, Shir-e-Panshir, literally Lion of the Five Lions). Personal Life During this period, Ahmad Shah Massoud married his wife, called Sediqa. They went on to have one son and four daughters, born between 1989 and 1998. Sediqa Massoud published a loving 2005 memoir of her life with the commander, called Pour lamour de Massoud. Defeating the Soviets In August of 1986, Massoud began his drive to liberate northern Afghanistan from the Soviets. His forces captured the city of Farkhor, including a military airbase, in Soviet Tajikistan. Massouds troops also defeated the Afghan national armys 20th division at Nahrin in north-central Afghanistan in November of 1986. Ahmad Shah Massoud studied the military tactics of Che Guevara and Mao Zedong. His guerrillas became consummate practitioners of hit-and-run strikes against a superior force and captured significant amounts of Soviet artillery and tanks. On the 15th of February, 1989, the Soviet Union withdrew its last soldier from Afghanistan. This bloody and expensive war would contribute significantly to the collapse of the Soviet Union itself over the following two years—thanks in no small part to Ahmad Shah Massouds mujahideen faction. Outside observers expected the communist regime in Kabul to fall as soon as its Soviet sponsors withdrew, but in fact it held on for three more years. With the final fall of the Soviet Union in early 1992, however, the communists lost power. A new coalition of northern military commanders, the Northern Alliance, forced President Najibullah from power on April 17, 1992. Minister of Defense In the new Islamic State of Afghanistan, created upon the fall of the communists, Ahmad Shah Massoud became Minister of Defense. However, his rival Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, with Pakistani support, began to bombard Kabul just one month after the installation of the new government. When the Uzbekistan-backed Abdul Rashid Dostum formed an anti-government coalition with Hekmatyar at the beginning of 1994, Afghanistan descended into a full-scale civil war. Fighters under the different warlords rampaged across the country, looting, raping, and killing civilians. The atrocities were so widespread that a group of Islamic students in Kandahar formed to oppose the out-of-control guerrilla fighters, and to protect the honor and security of Afghan civilians. That group called themselves the Taliban, meaning Students. Northern Alliance Commander As Minister of Defense, Ahmad Shah Massoud tried to engage the Taliban in talks about democratic elections. Taliban leaders were not interested, however. With military and financial support from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the Taliban seized Kabul and ousted the government on September 27, 1996. Massoud and his followers retreated to northeastern Afghanistan, where they formed the Northern Alliance against the Taliban. Although most former government leaders and Northern Alliance commanders had fled into exile by 1998, Ahmad Shah Massoud remained in Afghanistan. The Taliban tried to tempt him to give up his resistance by offering him the position of Prime Minister in their government, but he refused. Proposal for Peace Early in 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud proposed again that the Taliban join him in supporting democratic elections. They refused once more. Nonetheless, their position within Afghanistan was growing weaker and weaker; such Taliban measures as requiring women to wear the burqa, banning music and kites, and summarily cutting off limbs or even publicly executing suspected criminals did little to endear them to ordinary people. Not only the other ethnic groups, but even their own Pashtun people were turning against Taliban rule. Nonetheless, the Taliban hung on to power. They received support not only from Pakistan, but also from elements in Saudi Arabia, and offered shelter to the Saudi extremist Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda followers. Massouds Assassination and the Aftermath Thus it was that the al-Qaeda operatives made their way to Ahmad Shah Massouds base, disguised as reporters, and killed him with their suicide bomb on September 9, 2001. The extremist coalition of al-Qaeda and the Taliban wanted to remove Massoud and undermine the Northern Alliance before making their strike against the United States on September 11. Since his death, Ahmad Shah Massoud has become a national hero in Afghanistan. A fierce fighter, yet a moderate and thoughtful man, he was the only leader who never fled the country through all its ups and downs. He was awarded the title Hero of the Afghan Nation by President Hamid Karzai immediately after his death, and many Afghans consider him to have almost saintly status. In the west, too, Massoud is held in high esteem. Although he is not as widely remembered as he should be, those in the know consider him to be the single person most responsible for bringing down the Soviet Union and ending the Cold War—more so than Ronald Reagan or Mikhail Gorbachev. Today, the Panjshir region that Ahmad Shah Massoud controlled is one of the most peaceful, tolerant, and stable areas in war-ravaged Afghanistan. Sources AFP, Afghan Hero Massouds Assassination a Prelude to 9/11Clark, Kate. Profile: The Lion of Panjshir, BBC News online.Grad, Marcela. Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader, St. Louis: Webster University Press, 2009.Junger, Sebastian. Sebastian Junger on Afghanistans Slain Rebel Leader, National Geographic Adventure Magazine.Miller, Frederic P. et al. Ahmad Shah Massoud, Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Publishing House, 2009.